Method and system for handling method level processing in connection with cardholder account processing

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are provided for managing a financial account in which account information is maintained, including a set of account parameter values and a specification of a default account processing strategy. Account usage information is received for the financial account and is used in combination with the account parameter values to make a determination whether to override at least a portion of the account processing strategy. In addition to implementing the override, the set of account parameter values may be changed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/098,586, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR HANDLING METHOD LEVEL PROCESSING CONNECTION WITH CARDHOLDER ACCOUNT PROCESSING,” filed Mar. 14, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present application relates in general to pricing and processing of a financial account. More specifically, this application relates to systems and methods for controlling processing for an individual financial account based on characteristics of the financial account and behavior associated with the financial account.

[0003] Credit card issuers, such as banks, retailers, or other financial service providers, provide cardholders with credit card accounts. In a typical credit card agreement, the card issuer agrees to transfer funds to merchants in payment for goods and services received by the cardholder, and the cardholder agrees to repay the card issuer. The terms of the agreement also provide that the card issuer may impose various charges against the credit card account. For instance, cardholders are generally charged interest on their account balances. Cardholders may also be charged annual fees, as well as charges for late payments, returned checks, exceeding the stated limit on the credit card account, and the like. Credit card accounts are generally priced by establishing the amounts of the various fees, interest and other charges at levels that enable the card issuer to profit from providing the credit card account.

[0004] Account pricing has been implemented by defining a “pricing method” for each of the applicable fees, interest, and other charges. A pricing method establishes values for parameters that control the computation of a particular charge. For instance, an interest rate method might include parameters defining how to compute a balance (e.g., whether to compute it daily or monthly, what types of transactions to include) and a parameter establishing the value of the interest rate (e.g., a 15% annual percentage rate (APR)). A minimum payment method might include parameters establishing that the payment amount is equal to the larger of a dollar amount (e.g., $20) and a percentage of the outstanding balance (e.g., 2%). When the cardholder is billed, the pricing methods are used to control computation of the charges imposed by the card issuer. For instance, when the finance charge is determined, the computation of the account balance and the amount of interest to charge are controlled by parameters set by the interest rate method. When the minimum payment is computed, parameters of the minimum payment method are used to control the computation.

[0005] In addition to pricing, other methods may be defined to establish parameter values governing other aspects of cardholder account processing. For example, a statement-production method may be provided that sets parameters governing the type of paper to be used and the information to be included on statements sent to cardholders. In addition, the statement-production method may set parameters governing which inserts are to be included with the statement when it is mailed. In another example, methods may also be defined to establish parameter values related to incentive or rewards programs, such as frequent flier miles or rebates awarded based on purchasing activity. A rewards method typically sets parameter values for computing rewards points earned for various transactions (e.g., one rewards point for each dollar spent in a purchase transaction), and so on. In short, an “account processing method” (or “processing method”) may be provided for any aspect of cardholder account processing that is amenable to control via parameter values.

[0006] A pricing “strategy” is established by defining a pricing method for each charge that could be imposed. For instance, one pricing strategy may include a first method establishing an interest rate of 15% (APR) computed on a daily balance, a second method establishing a minimum payment amount of $20 or 2% of the account balance, a third method establishing a late payment charge of $30, and so on. The pricing strategy may be expanded into a processing strategy by including additional methods not related to charges, such as statement production or rewards methods. Thus, a typical processing strategy includes many methods.

[0007] Many card issuers provide different types of card accounts with different terms and conditions, different rewards programs, and so on. These account types are generally implemented by defining multiple co-existing processing strategies, and assigning each account to one of the strategies. For instance, a card issuer may define a “classic” strategy, a “gold” strategy, and a “platinum” strategy, with the classic strategy including an interest rate of 18% and an annual fee of $20, the gold strategy including an interest rate of 16% and an annual fee of $25, and the platinum strategy including an interest rate of 15% and an annual fee of $50. The ability to assign individual cardholders to one of several co-existing strategies allows the card issuer to coordinate account pricing and other aspects of account processing with cardholder behavior to some extent.

[0008] Further coordination of account pricing and processing with cardholder behavior is desirable. For instance, a card issuer may desire to impose penalty pricing on individual cardholders who violate the terms and conditions of the cardholder agreement, e.g., by increasing the interest rate for cardholders who are delinquent in paying. As another example, a card issuer may desire to offer incentive pricing, such as a temporary reduction in the interest rate, in order to attract new cardholders or to encourage existing cardholders to increase their use of the issuer's cards. Such penalty or incentive pricing typically involves adjusting a small number of parameters within one or two account processing methods for the accounts of cardholders who qualify for the penalty or incentive.

[0009] Existing systems provide only limited ability to make such adjustments within an account processing method. In some systems, each account is assigned a processing strategy (e.g., “classic,” “gold,” or “platinum”), and the processing for all accounts assigned to that strategy is determined by the account processing methods that make up the assigned strategy. In such a system, adjusting a single processing parameter requires the card issuer to define a new strategy that differs from the old strategy in one account processing method. The card issuer must then identify the accounts to which the change should be applied and reassign those accounts to the new strategy. Subsequent changes intended to affect all cardholders must be made separately for each strategy, making this approach burdensome and inefficient.

[0010] Other existing systems allow the card issuer to override one or more of the processing parameters for an individual account by applying a method override that changes the value of one or more of the parameters of an account processing method. For instance, a penalty interest rate may be imposed by applying a method override to an account that changes the rate to a higher value but otherwise leaves the interest rate method unchanged. However, these systems provide limited functionality for identifying accounts to which a method override is to be applied. Generally, the card issuer must search account records to generate a list of qualifying accounts. Once the accounts are identified, applying a method override generally involves manually updating each account record. Subsequently removing the method override (to restore the default account processing method) involves a second manual update.

[0011] Hence, systems and methods for automatically adjusting individual price terms for a cardholder account would be desirable.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Embodiments of the invention are thus directed to methods and systems for managing a financial account. Ordinarily, the financial account is managed according to a default processing strategy. In some instances, however, embodiments of the invention permit overrides of the default processing strategy. Such overrides may comprise one-time overrides or may comprise overrides that persist under some change in conditions. One consequence of such overrides is that it is possible to tailor processing strategies on an individualized basis for account holders rather than relying on the broader principles used in the default strategy.

[0013] Thus, in one embodiment, a method is provided for managing a financial account in which account information is maintained, including a set of account parameter values and a specification of the default account processing strategy. Account usage information is received for the financial account and is used in combination with the account parameter values to make a determination whether to override at least a portion of the account processing strategy. In addition to implementing the override, the set of account parameter values may be changed in some embodiments.

[0014] The manner in which the override is implemented may depend on the portion of the processing strategy that overridden. For example, in one embodiment, an instruction is issued to include an insert with a statement for the financial account in accordance with the determination. In another embodiment, an instruction is issued to offer an upgrade of the financial account in accordance with the determination. In a further embodiment, an instruction is issued to provide a reward in accordance with the determination; the reward may be in response to a specific transaction, such as a charitable contribution.

[0015] The decision method by which the determination is made may proceed differently in different embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, the decision method is defined by a lookup table and the determination is made by accessing an entry in the lookup table and implementing an operation specified by the entry. In other embodiments, a hierarchy of tables may be used to define the decision method. In one such embodiment, the determination is made by accessing an entry in a first lookup table that identifies a second lookup table. An entry in the second lookup table defines an operation to be implemented.

[0016] The methods of the present invention may be embodied in a computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program embodied therein for directing operation of a computer system. Such a computer system may include a processor and a storage device. The computer-readable program includes instructions for operating the computer system to authorize a commercial transaction in accordance with the embodiments described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used throughout the several drawings to refer to similar components. In some instances, a sublabel is associated with a reference numeral and follows a hyphen to denote one of multiple similar components. When reference is made to a reference numeral without specification to an existing sublabel, it is intended to refer to all such multiple similar components.

[0018]FIG. 1A is a simplified block diagram of a system for applying method overrides to credit card accounts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

[0019]FIG. 1B provides a more detailed schematic view of a computer system on which methods of the invention may be embodied;

[0020]FIG. 1C is a flow diagram providing an overview of embodiments of the invention;

[0021]FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a cardholder record according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

[0022]FIGS. 3A and 3B are simplified block diagrams of a hierarchical arrangement of lookup tables implementing decision rules according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention;

[0023]FIGS. 4A and 4B are tables illustrating the contents of cardholder allocation tables according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention;

[0024] FIGS. 5A-F are tables, each illustrating the contents of an account qualification table according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention;

[0025]FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an exemplary process for applying a method override to a cardholder account according to the present invention; and

[0026] FIGS. 7A-B are screen shots showing a presentation of method override information for a cardholder account according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] 1. System Overview

[0028] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described. The present invention provides systems and methods for flexibly adjusting individual components of account processing based on characteristics and behavior of individual cardholders. In some embodiments, the components of account processing comprise fee-related parameters and, in other embodiments, the components of account processing comprise non-fee-related parameters. In an exemplary embodiment, each account is assigned a processing strategy that includes a set of account processing methods establishing parameters of account processing. Such parameters may include fee-related and/or non-fee-related parameters. One or more of the methods is made overrideable; in other words, a method override is provided that, when applied to an account, changes one or more of the parameters of an account processing method from the default values established by the processing strategy. Whether to apply each available method override to a particular financial account is determined automatically using decision rules related to one or more aspects of the account's characteristics and behavior associated with the account.

[0029] In the following, specific embodiments are discussed where the financial account comprises a credit account, such as a credit-card account, but the invention is not limited to such accounts and may be implemented for other financial accounts. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, a processing strategy includes an interest rate method for a credit account establishing an annual rate of 15%; this method may also establish other parameters (e.g., for computing the balance to which the annual rate is applied). A method override is provided that, when applied to an account, changes the interest rate for that account to 18% without affecting other parameters of the interest rate method. A decision rule is also provided that establishes that the method override is to be applied only to accounts with one or more delinquent payments and a balance between $1,000 and $5,000. An account record is reviewed to determine whether the account meets the criteria of the decision rule. If it does, then the method override is applied, and subsequent bills are computed using the 18% interest rate established by the method override and other parameters established by the interest rate method.

[0030] In some alternative embodiments, multiple method overrides may be associated with the same account processing method. For instance, for an interest rate method, there may be a first method override that changes the interest rate to 18% and a second method override that changes the interest rate to 21%. It will be appreciated that in this example, both method overrides would not be simultaneously applied to the same cardholder account, but the first method override could be applied to a first account while the second method override is applied to a second account and no method override is applied to a third account.

[0031]FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a system 100 for controlling the application of method overrides to cardholder accounts according to the present invention. A server 105 communicates with an account data store 110-1 that contains cardholder account information and with a rules data store 110-2 that contains decision rules governing the application of method overrides. Both the account data store 110-1 and the rules data store 110-2 are examples of storage devices 110 suitable for storing data. While they are shown as separate storage devices 110 in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the data may alternatively be stored collectively on a single storage device 110 or may be stored on a number of storage devices 110 that exceeds two. Each of such storage devices 110 may be implemented, for example, using magnetic disk, tape, or any other computer-readable media, and each of such storage devices 110 may be local to server 105 or remote and accessible via a network. In one exemplary embodiment, server 105 is implemented as a computer system, as described in greater detail in connection with FIG. 1B. In some instances, the information on the storage devices 110 may be derived from multiple sources and is organized as described in copending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/193,722, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ORGANIZING INFORMATION FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES,” filed Jul. 10, 2002 by Brian Friedman, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0032] A user interface 120 is provided to enable a user (such as an employee of the card issuer where the financial account comprises a credit-card account) to control various functionality of server 105, and to view and/or modify data in account data store 110-1 and/or rules data store 110-2. User interface 120 generally includes a display device (e.g., a monitor) for providing information to a user and an input device (e.g., a keyboard or touchscreen) for accepting input from a user. User interface 120 may also include other components, such as hardware and/or software security components to prevent unauthorized use. User interface 120 may be local to server 105 or remote and connected to server 105 via a network.

[0033] In an embodiment where the financial account comprises a credit-card account, the decision rules in rules data store 110-2 are defined by the card issuer for each overrideable method. The decision rules determine whether an available method override is to be applied to a cardholder account on the basis of one or more decision elements. Each decision element reflects one or more features of cardholder characteristics and behavior stored in an account record, such as the number of late payments, the age of the account, account balance, frequency of use of the card, total amount charged to the account over a fixed time period, payment history, cardholder income, cardholder credit rating, and the like. An example of an account record is discussed in greater detail in connection with FIG. 2 below. It will be appreciated that the number of decision elements may be quite large, and that any information related to cardholder characteristics and behavior may be used as a decision element. The decision rules may advantageously be implemented using a set of lookup tables, as will be described further below.

[0034] Server 105 operates a decision engine 125 for applying decision rules to account records. Decision engine 125 retrieves decision rules from rules data store 115 and an account record from account data store 110-1. Decision engine 125 then applies the decision rules to data in the account record in order to determine whether to apply a particular method override to the cardholder account. In one exemplary embodiment, decision engine 125 is also configured to update the account record in account data store 110 when a method override is to be applied or removed.

[0035] In an exemplary embodiment, decision engine 125 has several modes of operation. In a first operating mode, decision engine 125 reviews and updates each account record (or a selected subset of the account records) in account data store 110-1. In a second operating mode, decision engine 125 reviews some or all of the account records in account data store 110-1 without updating the account records; instead, decision engine 125 makes information from the review available to the card issuer, including whether any method overrides were selected for application to each cardholder account. In a third operating mode, decision engine 125 is used to process a new account application by determining the terms and conditions that would apply to a prospective new account. These operating modes will be described further below. It is to be understood that decision engine 125 may have more or fewer operating modes. The various operating modes of decision engine 125 may be controlled by an operator via user interface 120.

[0036] A structure for the server in one embodiment is shown schematically in FIG. 1B. This figure broadly illustrates how individual system elements may be implemented in a separated or more integrated manner. The server 105 is shown comprised of hardware elements that are electrically coupled via bus 145. In this embodiment, these hardware elements include the decision engine 125 as one or more processors, one or more input devices 130, one or more output devices 135, a computer-readable storage media reader 140 a, a communications system 150, a processing acceleration unit 155 such as a DSP or special-purpose processor, and a memory 160. The computer-readable storage media reader 140 a is further connected to a computer-readable storage medium 140 b, the combination comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information. The communications system 150 may comprise a wired, wireless, modem, and/or other type of interfacing connection and permits data to be exchanged with the server 105, such as with the user interface 120. Thus, in this embodiment, the user interface 120 is remote from the server 105 and the storage devices 110 are local to the server 105, being configured for direct interaction with the decision engine 125 via bus 145.

[0037] The server 105 also comprises software elements, shown as being currently located within working memory 165, including an operating system 170 and other code 175, such as a program designed to implement methods of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantial variations may be used in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed.

[0038] It will be appreciated that the description of system 100 herein is illustrative. The components described herein may be modified or varied, and more or fewer components may be used. Based on the disclosure and teachings herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other ways and/or methods of implementing the present invention.

[0039] An overview of methods of certain embodiments of the invention is summarized in outline form in FIG. 1C. At block 180, account information for the financial account is maintained. This account information generally includes a set of account parameter values and a specification of an account processing strategy. At block 182, account usage information is received for the financial account. Such account usage information may comprise, for example, a history of transaction information and/or a history of payment information. In the case of a credit-card account, for example, transaction information includes all information related to transactions entered into by the cardholder, such as purchases and/or cash advances. Payment information includes all information related to payments by the cardholder to pay down the credit balance of the account. Thus, the account usage information may collectively encompass all information related to any changes in the account credit balance. At block 184, a determination is made whether to override at least a portion of the account processing strategy. Such a determination may be made by applying a decision method that considers the account parameter values and the account usage information. If a determination is made to override at least a portion of the account processing strategy, instructions to implement such an override are issued at block 186.

[0040] 2. Account Information

[0041] The nature of the account information may be understood more clearly by considering a specific example in which the financial account comprises a credit-card account. In such instances, the cardholder account information in account data store 110-1 includes an account record (or cardholder record) corresponding to each cardholder account. An example of such an account record 200 is shown in FIG. 2. Each account record 200 may include identifying information 205 for the account (e.g., account number, cardholder name, etc.). Each account record 200 may also include processing information 210, such as an identifier indicating the processing strategy applied to the account and identifiers of any method overrides that are currently applied.

[0042] The method override information may be stored in one or more fields in cardholder record 200; for instance, a list of names of currently applied method overrides may be stored. In some embodiments, processing information 210 also includes processing history information related to formerly applied method overrides, i.e., method overrides that once were, but no longer are, applied to the account. The processing history information may be stored in a history file, and account record 200 may contain a reference to that file. Account record 200 also includes cardholder characteristics data 215, including account usage and payment patterns, cardholder income, cardholder credit score, etc.

[0043] It will be appreciated that FIG. 2 is illustrative and that other information may be stored in account record 200; for instance, data related to individual credit card transactions (e.g., where the card was used, the total amount of the transaction, the date of the transaction) may also be stored. Storage and management of account records 200 may be implemented using conventional database products, flat files, or any other data management technology.

[0044] 3. Decision Rules

[0045] In one exemplary embodiment, the decision rules stored in rules data store 115 are implemented as a hierarchical arrangement of look-up tables, examples of which are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. For illustrative purposes, separate diagrams are provided for fee-related methods in FIG. 3A and non-fee-related methods in FIG. 3B, but it will be understood that such a distinction between method types need not be implemented. Specifically, the methods may alternatively be organized in a single larger hierarchical arrangement.

[0046] a. Decision Rules for Fee-Based Methods

[0047] For the fee-related methods shown in FIG. 3A, the top of the hierarchical arrangement is a method selection table 305, in which each overrideable method is listed. The example shown has three overrideable methods (interest rate, late payment fee, and annual fee), but it will be appreciated that any or all of the methods making up a processing strategy may be made overrideable in the same manner as the examples described herein. It will also be appreciated that not all methods are required to be overrideable. For instance, an embodiment of a processing strategy may include 44 methods, of which 27 are overrideable; in that case, the method selection table 305 would have 27 entries.

[0048] For each entry in the method selection table 305, there is a corresponding client allocation (CA) table, such as CA tables 310 a, 310 b, and 310 c of FIG. 3A. A table lookup operation on method selection table 305 using a particular overrideable method returns a reference to a corresponding CA table 310 a, 310 b, 310 c. Each CA table performs a first sorting of cardholder accounts based on selected decision elements. FIG. 4A shows an exemplary implementation of a CA table 310 a for an overrideable interest rate method. In this example, the decision elements are cardholder credit score 405, cardholder income 410, and account age 415. Various thresholds are set in connection with each decision element. For example, cardholder credit score 405 has thresholds at values of “400” and “600”; thus, accounts are grouped by whether the cardholder's credit score is less than “400,” between “400” and “600,” or greater than “600.” With regard to cardholder income 410, accounts are grouped by whether the cardholder's income is under $25,000, between $25,000 and $50,000, or over $50,000. With regard to account age 415, accounts are grouped by whether the account is less than a year old, between one year and three years old, or three or more years old.

[0049] Returning to FIG. 3A, one or more account qualification (AQ) tables are associated with each CA table. Thus, AQ tables 315 a, 315 b, 315 c are associated with CA table 310 a; AQ tables 315 d, 315 e, 315 f, and 315 g are associated with CA table 310 b; and AQ tables 315 h, 315 i, 315 j, and 315 k are associated with CA table 310 c. A table lookup operation on CA table 310 a using cardholder data for a particular account returns a reference to one of the associated AQ tables 315 a, 315 b, and 315 c. In FIG. 4, “AQ-C,” “AQ-G,” and “AQ-P” refer, respectively to AQ tables 315 a, 315 b, and 315 c of FIG. 3. For example, if a cardholder has a credit score of “420,” an income of $22,000 and an account age of three years, a table lookup operation on CA table 310 a (FIG. 4A) would return a reference to table 315 a of FIG. 3A. The AQ tables provide further sorting of accounts, as will be described below.

[0050] It will be appreciated that any number and any combination of decision elements may be included in a CA table such as table 310 a. In some embodiments, the maximum number of decision elements that a card issuer may select for inclusion in a CA table may be limited (e.g., to 20 decision elements) in order to reduce the potential table size and complexity. Moreover, each CA table 310 a, 310 b, 310 c within a set of decision rules may include different decision elements and different thresholds associated with particular decision elements. A single CA table may include references to any number of AQ tables.

[0051] AQ tables 315 a-315 k of FIG. 3A provide further sorting of cardholder accounts using additional decision elements. Exemplary implementations of AQ tables 315 a, 315 b, 315 c corresponding to CA table 310 a are illustrated in FIGS. 5A-C, respectively. AQ table 315 a is used when a reference to table AQ-C is returned by CA table 310 a of FIG. 4A; AQ table 315 b is used when a reference to table AQ-G is returned by CA table 310 a; and AQ table 315 c is used when a reference to table AQ-P is returned by CA table 310 a. In each AQ table 315 a, 315 b, 315 c, three decision elements are used: number of delinquent payments 505, account balance 510, and number of billing cycles a payment is delinquent 515. Again, various thresholds are set in connection with each decision element. For instance, in table 315 a, the number of delinquent payments 505 is grouped as zero, one, or two or more.

[0052] A table lookup operation on an AQ table using cardholder data for a particular account returns a result value that indicates whether a method override is to be applied. In one exemplary embodiment, illustrated in FIGS. 5A-C, each result has one of four possible values—“Assign,” “Last Different,” “Same,” or “Remove.” A result of “Assign” indicates that a method override is to be applied to the cardholder account. Where multiple method overrides are available for a particular method, the “Assign” result includes an identifier of the method override to be applied. For instance, in FIGS. 5A-C, each “Assign” result includes either identifier “MO1” or identifier “MO2.” In this example, identifier “MO1” identifies a first method override that changes the interest rate to 18%, and identifier “MO2” identifies a second method override that changes the interest rate to 21%. In some alternative embodiments, a result value of “Assign” is indicated by returning only the method override identifier. A result of “Last Different” indicates that a formerly applied method override is to be reapplied to the cardholder account, as described further below. A result of “Same” indicates that the status of the account is unchanged—i.e., a current method override (if present) is to remain in effect but no new method override is to be applied. A result of “Remove” indicates that the current method override is to be taken off the account, restoring the default method.

[0053] b. Decision Rules for Non-Fee-Based Methods

[0054] The non-fee-based methods may be overridden by similar decision rules, illustrated for a specific embodiment in FIG. 3B. In this figure, the top of the hierarchical arrangement of look-up tables comprises a method selection table 305′, in which each overrideable method is listed. The example illustrates non-fee-based overrideable methods related to inserts, upgrades, and rewards. In particular, the “inserts” method is directed to determining which inserts may be included with an issued statement regarding the financial account. The ability to override the insert method according to different override assignments permits inserts to be included with statements on a completely individualized basis. When the server has determined how inserts are to be included according to the overrides, a file may be provided through output device that may be used by an intelligent insertion system, such as the one described in detail in copending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/028,449, entitled “REAL-TIME INTELLIGENT PACKET-COLLATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” filed Dec. 19, 2001 by Scott J. Smith et al., the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0055] The “upgrades” method is directed to determining whether to offer an upgrade in processing strategy to the account holder. For example, in cases where the account comprises a credit-card account, the upgrades method may define criteria by which the cardholder may be offered a higher-status card on a preapproved basis. The holder of a classic card might be offered an upgrade to a gold card, or the holder of a gold card might be offered an upgrade to a platinum card, depending on such factors as the length of time the individual has been a customer and his payment record. Embodiments of the invention permit the usual method of determining whether to offer an upgrade to be overridden in response to specific account parameter values and account usage information. For example, if a cardholder achieves a particular increase in credit score and maintains a balance within a predefined window, the upgrade method may be overridden to accelerate an upgrade offer. In another embodiment, the default strategy may be never to offer an upgrade. This default strategy may be overridden to offer upgrades upon satisfaction of certain criteria, enabling upgrades to be offered on an individualized basis.

[0056] The “rewards” method is directed to determining whether to offer a reward to the account holder. In some embodiments, this may be implemented similarly to the upgrades method by adopting a default strategy never to provide a reward. Upon the satisfaction of certain criteria, this default strategy may be overridden to provide rewards on an individualized basis. In other embodiments, the rewards method may use a default strategy that provides rewards when certain criteria are satisfied. This default strategy may be overridden in accordance with account parameter values and account usage information, such as by enhancing the quality of the reward or by providing lesser awards. In some instances where the account information is generally negative, the override may act to suppress rewards that would otherwise be offered in accordance with the rewards method. Rewards may take a variety of different forms, such as by providing points or coupons, and the rate at which these are provided may be overridden with embodiments of the invention.

[0057] Embodiments of the invention also permit rewards to be tied directly to certain types of transactions. For example, in one embodiment, an extended grace period may be provided for certain types of charitable contributions. If such a charitable contribution is made by charging the financial account, the invention permits the processing strategy to be overridden with respect to that transaction so that the time for repayment without a finance charge is extended.

[0058] For each entry in the method selection table 305′, there is a corresponding client allocation table, such as tables 310 a′, 310 b′, and 310 c′ of FIG. 3B. Similarly to the fee-based overrideable methods, the respective client allocation tables are used to perform a first sorting of accounts based on selected decision elements. This first sorting identifies one of a plurality of account qualification tables (identified as “BQ” tables for the non-fee-based methods). For example, in FIG. 3B, account qualification tables 315 a′, 315 b′, and 315 c′ are associated with the client allocation table 310 a′ for the inserts methods; account qualification tables 315 d′, 315 e′, 315 f′, and 315 g′ are associated with the client allocation table 310b′ for the upgrades methods; and account qualification tables 315 i′, 315 j′, and 315 k′ are associated with the client allocation table 310 c′ for the rewards methods.

[0059]FIG. 4B provides an exemplary implementation of client allocation table 310 c′ for the rewards methods. This example illustrates an implementation of the override scheme that may permit an extended grace period for repayment of charges made for charitable donations. The decision elements comprise cardholder credit score 420 and the type of transaction 425, i.e. whether the transaction is classified as a charitable or noncharitable transaction. Thresholds are set in connection with the cardholder credit score 420 so that those with a larger credit score are more likely to be permitted to use the extended grace period than those with a lower credit score. In this example, the cardholders with the very lowest credit scores are not extended any benefit from the charitable nature of the transaction; this is evident from the fact that the client allocation table 310 c′ identifies the same account qualification table BQ-X 315 i′ for the lowest credit scores as it does for all noncharitable transactions.

[0060] Details of this account qualification table BQ-X 315 i′ are provided in FIG. 5D. Like the fee-based account qualification tables AQ, the non-fee-based account qualification tables BQ are illustrated herein with three decision elements, the number of delinquent payments 505, the account balance 510, and the number of billing cycles that a payment is delinquent 515. In the case of account qualification table BQ-X 315 i′, all of the entries are “Remove,” indicating that the default method is to be applied in all cases. This has the effect of ensuring that no extended grace periods are provided for charges related to noncharitable expenses nor for those with the lowest credit scores.

[0061] If the credit scores for the cardholder are mediocre, client allocation table 310 c′ indicates that a method override for charitable transactions will be considered as set forth in account qualification table BQ-Y 315 j′. An example of this account qualification table is shown in FIG. 5E and uses a combination of“Remove” and “Assign MO3” designations. The “Assign MO3” designations correspond to a method override, such as providing a one-month grace period for the relevant transaction. In this example, the “Remove” designations are more prevalent with increases in account balance 510 and with the number of delinquent payments 505. This causes the extended grace period to be provided only where the cardholder has a relatively low balance and relatively few delinquent payments.

[0062] When the credit scores of the cardholder are high, client allocation table 310 c′ indicates that the method override for charitable transactions will be considered as set forth in account qualification table BQ-Z 315 k′. An example of this account qualification table is shown in FIG. 5F and differs from the one shown in FIG. 5E in the distribution of the “Remove” and “Assign MO3” designations. This different distribution reflects the fact that an extended grace period for charitable contributions may be provided for despite somewhat larger account balances 510 or number of delinquent payments 505 if the cardholder has a high credit score.

[0063] It will be appreciated that the AQ and BQ account qualification tables of FIGS. 5A-F are illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. For instance, any number of decision elements may be included in each account qualification table. In some embodiments, the maximum number of decision elements that a card issuer may select for inclusion in an account qualification table may be limited (e.g., to 20) in order to reduce the potential size and complexity of the tables. In the exemplary tables shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5A-5F, the set of decision elements included in the account qualification tables of FIGS. 5A-5F is disjoint from the set of decision elements included in the client allocation tables of FIGS. 4A and 4B, but this is not required. It will also be appreciated that each of account qualification tables may employ different decision elements, different numbers of decision elements, and/or different threshold values associated with particular decision elements. In addition, the result values described herein for an account qualification table lookup operation are illustrative, and a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other result values or other combinations of result values may be implemented.

[0064] In some alternative embodiments, account sorting is performed exclusively with account qualification tables. Such an embodiment may be implemented by configuring each CA table to be a transparent pass-through that always returns the same account qualification table reference. For instance, in FIG. 3A, table 310 c may be configured to return a reference to AQ-W table 315 h for all cardholders. One skilled in the art will recognize that implementations with a nontransparent CA table such as table 310 a provide additional flexibility. For instance, CA table 310 a may be used to sort account holders based on the processing strategy assigned to the account—e.g., “classic,” “gold,” or “platinum”—by returning a reference to AQ-C table 315 a for “classic” cardholders, to AQ-G table 315b for “gold” cardholders, and to AQ-P table 315 c for “platinum” cardholders. Because each AQ table may establish different decision rules for applying a method override, it is possible for a card issuer to implement multiple processing strategies where each processing strategy has different default methods and different method overrides, as well as different conditions for applying the method overrides.

[0065] In other embodiments, additional levels of account sorting tables may be included between the CA tables and the account qualification tables to provide further account classification. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the additional levels may be implemented by providing a hierarchy of levels of lookup tables, with tables at each level returning references to tables at the next level. For instance, a CA table lookup may return a reference to a table at an intermediate level, and a lookup in a table at the intermediate level may return a reference to an account qualification table.

[0066] 4. Illustrations

[0067]FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an exemplary process 600 for applying method overrides to cardholder accounts. Process 600 may be executed by decision engine 125 of FIG. 1A. Process 600 involves accessing an account record 200 from account data store 110-1, then performing table lookup operations using look-up tables from rules data store 110-2 and account data from the account record 200 to determine whether a method override is to be applied to the account. For purposes of illustrating process 600, the exemplary CA table 310 a of FIG. 4A and the exemplary AQ tables 315 a, 315 b, 315 c of FIGS. 5A-C will be referred to herein; it will be appreciated that other tables may be substituted. In addition, it will be presumed for illustrative purposes that account data store 110 includes account records for hypothetical cardholders X, Y, and Z, and that each of these account records includes the respective data shown in Table 1. The various entries in Table 1 will be described further below. It will be appreciated that records for other cardholders may also be included in account data store 110-1 and that an account record may include other data not shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Cardholder X Cardholder Y Cardholder Z Processing Strategy Classic Gold Platinum Current Int. Rate none M02 none Method Override Last Different Int. none MO1 MO2 Rate override Credit score 420 550 777 Income $22,000 $35,000 $80,000 Account age 3 years 4 years 3 years No. Delinquencies 1 0 1 Average Balance $1,500 $500 $2,500 No. Cycles 1 0 1 Delinquent Transaction Type Charitable Noncharitable Charitable

[0068] Referring to FIG. 6, at step 601 an account record is selected. For instance, decision engine 125 may be configured to select each account record sequentially. Alternatively, an operator may select an account record or a set of account records via user interface 120. At step 602, one of the overrideable methods is selected. For example, the overrideable interest rate method may be selected. Method selection may be performed automatically by decision engine 125 (e.g., by cycling through all overrideable methods for each cardholder account) or manually by an operator via user interface 120. Next, at step 603, the decision engine 125 selects the appropriate CA table by performing a table lookup in the method selection table (e.g., table 305 of FIG. 3A) using the method selected at step 602. The table lookup returns a reference to a CA table; for instance, a table lookup in table 305 using the interest rate method returns a reference to CA table 310 a.

[0069] At step 604, the decision engine identifies the decision elements used in the selected CA table. In CA table 310 a of FIG. 4A, the decision elements are credit score 405, cardholder income 410, and account age 415. At step 605, the decision engine 125 retrieves the corresponding account data from the account record. For instance, for cardholder X, the decision engine 125 would retrieve a credit score of 420, an income of $22,000, and an account age of three years. For cardholder Y, the decision engine 125 would retrieve a credit score of 550, an income of $35,000, and an account age of four years. For cardholder Z, the decision engine 125 would retrieve a credit score of 777, an income of $80,000, and an account age of four years.

[0070] It will be appreciated that a decision element need not correspond exactly to a field in the account record 200. For instance, the account record 200 may include the opening date of the account, which is constant, rather than the account age, which would require periodic updating. If the opening date is stored, the account age may be readily computed based on the opening date and the current date. Thus, step 605 may include performing computations to convert data in the account record 200 to a format corresponding to the decision element.

[0071] At step 606, the decision engine 125 selects the appropriate account qualification table by performing a table lookup in the selected CA table 310 a using the cardholder data. The lookup returns a reference to an account qualification table. For instance, a table lookup in CA table 310 a (FIG. 4A) using the characteristics given in Table 1 for cardholder X would return a reference to the AQ-C table (table 315 a of FIG. 5A); for cardholder Y, a reference to the AQ-G table (table 315 b of FIG. 5B); and for cardholder Z, a reference to the AQ-P table (table 315 c of FIG. 5C).

[0072] At step 607, the decision engine 125 identifies the decision elements used in the selected AQ table. For instance, in table 315 a in FIG. 5A, the decision elements are number of delinquent payments 505, account balance 510, and number of cycles delinquent 515. At step 608, the decision engine retrieves the corresponding data for the cardholder account. This step is generally similar to step 605 and may include converting data in the account record to a format corresponding to the decision element. In an alternative embodiment, the corresponding account data have already been retrieved at step 605, and step 608 may be skipped.

[0073] At step 609, the decision engine 125 performs a table lookup in the selected account qualification table using the account data, and the lookup returns a result. For example, for cardholder X of Table 1, a result of “Assign MO1” would be obtained from AQ-C table 315 a; for cardholder Y, a result of “Remove” would be obtained from AQ-G table 315 b; and for cardholder Z, a result of “Last Different” would be obtained from AQ-P table 315 c. It should be noted that the result for a particular cardholder may depend in part on which account qualification table was selected at step 606. For instance, Table 1 shows that each of cardholders X and Z has one late payment, a balance between $1,000 and $5,000, and a payment one cycle delinquent. But because these two cardholders would be referred to different AQ tables (based on other characteristics), cardholder X would receive a result of “Assign MO1” while cardholder Z would receive a result of “Last Different.”

[0074] At step 610, the decision engine 125 acts upon the result. If the result is “Assign,” then at step 611 the method override associated with the “Assign” result is applied to the cardholder account. For example, cardholder X would have the “MO1” override applied, meaning that cardholder X's interest rate would be changed to 18%. The mechanism for applying a method override depends on the implementation of an account record. For instance, in one embodiment, the account record includes fields for storing method override identifiers, and a method override is applied to an account by modifying one of these fields. In an alternative embodiment, a list of all method overrides currently applied to the account is maintained in the account record or in an associated file; in this embodiment, step 611 includes adding the newly applied method override to the list.

[0075] If the result is “Same,” then at step 612, the account record is left unchanged, i.e., no new method override is applied, while any currently applied method override remains applied.

[0076] If the result is “Remove,” then at step 613, it is determined whether a method override corresponding to the method selected at step 602 is currently applied to the cardholder's account. If so, then the method override is removed. For example, Table 1 shows that cardholder Y currently has a method override “MO1” applied. The “Remove” result obtained for cardholder Y would cause this method override to be removed at step 613, restoring the default interest rate parameter. Removal of a method override is implementation-dependent and may involve, for instance, modifying an appropriate field in the account record or removing the method override from a list of method overrides currently applied to the account. Upon removal, processing history information in the account record may be updated accordingly.

[0077] If the result is “Last Different,” then at step 614, a formerly applied method override is determined. In an exemplary embodiment, information related to method overrides that were previously applied to and removed from an account is stored in a method override history file associated with the account record, and step 614 includes retrieving the identifier of the most recent formerly applied method override from the method override history file. At step 615, the method override identified at step 614 is applied to the cardholder account. For example, for cardholder Z, a result of “Last Different” would be obtained. At step 614, the account record for cardholder Z would be accessed to determine the last method override for interest rate that was applied; Table 1 shows that for cardholder Z, the last method override was “MO2.” Then, at step 614, method override “MO2” would be applied to cardholder Z's account, changing the interest rate parameter (currently set by the default method) to 21%.

[0078] While the above illustration has been discussed in some detail for a fee-based method, it will be appreciated that the same procedure may be used for any of the methods, including the non-fee-based methods. For example, Table 1 also indicates a specific transaction type for consideration for each of the cardholders. Using the method outlined in FIG. 6, a determination would be made for each cardholder whether to provide an extended grace period for that transaction. In accordance with blocks 602 and 603, the CA table used for the rewards methods is table 310 c′ shown in FIG. 4B. According to table 310 c′, the override determination for Customer X is made in accordance with account qualification table BQ-Y 315 j′ shown in FIG. 5E, which provides the result “Remove” according to the midrange account balance of $1500 and the midrange single delinquency. This determination indicates that no override should be applied so payment for the transaction is due in accordance with the default method despite it having been made for a charitable purpose. Similarly, the determination for Customer Y is made in accordance with account qualification table BQ-X 315 i′ shown in FIG. 5D, which provides the result “Remove” irrespective of account balance and number of delinquencies. This determination indicates that no override should be applied so that payment for the transaction is due in accordance with the default transaction; this is a consequence of the fact that the transaction was made for a noncharitable purpose. Finally, the determination for Customer Z is made in accordance with account qualification table BQ-Z 315 k′ shown in FIG. 5F. Despite the midrange account balance of $2500 and midrange single delinquency, similar to Customer X, the higher credit rating of Customer Z results in a determination of “Assign MO3.” In accordance with this determination, an extended grace period is provided for the charitable transaction made for Customer Z.

[0079] One skilled in the art will also recognize that process 600 may be varied or modified, and that steps may be omitted, reordered, or combined. For instance, method selection may precede selection of a cardholder account. Process 600 may also be modified to apply decision rules implemented using tools other than lookup tables.

[0080] As noted above, decision engine 125 of FIG. 1A may have a number of operating modes. These operating modes may be implemented using process 600 or variations thereof. For instance, in one operating mode, decision engine 125 may be used to determine the terms and conditions applicable to a prospective account. In this operation, a process similar to process 600 may be used. At step 601, cardholder data for a prospective cardholder may be obtained via user interface 120; and at step 610, instead of updating an account record, a statement including terms and conditions for the prospective account may be generated and presented via user interface 120 or via other methods, such as printing an offer for mailing to the prospective cardholder.

[0081] In some embodiments, an estimator may be provided using decision engine 125 and variations of process 600. An estimator enables a card issuer to test a set of decision rules without actually affecting any cardholder accounts. For instance, in the exemplary embodiment described above, a card issuer defines a set of decision rules by building a set of lookup tables. The set of lookup tables (or individual tables within the set) may be large and complex, for instance, where several methods are overrideable or where a lookup table includes numerous decision elements. To verify that the lookup tables are selecting the desired accounts, a proposed lookup table or set of lookup tables may be stored in a test area within rules data store 115. Decision engine 125 may then be operated in an “estimator” mode to perform table lookup operations on the tables in the test area using account data from some or all of the account records in account data store 110. The operation of decision engine 125 in estimator mode is generally similar to process 600, except that the account-updating steps (steps 610-615) are not performed. Instead, information about which accounts return which results is compiled and presented to the card issuer, e.g., via user interface 120. Information compilation and presentation may be performed using any suitable data-gathering and presentation tools and methods. The information provided enables the card issuer to verify that the proposed lookup tables are performing as intended.

[0082] In some embodiments, an estimator also allows edit checks to be performed to determine whether a combination of processing methods and/or method overrides that could be applied to an account creates a conflict. A conflict may occur, for instance, when a method override is inconsistent with another method or method override, with industry rules, or with government regulations. For purposes of edit checking, decision engine 125 may be used to determine all combinations of method overrides that may be applied to an account. Each possible combination is then tested for conflicts by reviewing selected parameter values resulting from the combination.

[0083] The following example illustrates the edit check process. Suppose that a card issuer defines an interest rate method override with parameter values establishing that interest accrues daily based on the average daily balance, and suppose that the default statement production method has parameter values establishing that the statement displays only a monthly average balance and reports interest accruing monthly. If this interest rate method override and this statement production method were simultaneously applied to a cardholder account, the statement would not accurately reflect the interest charge. The conflict can be avoided if the decision rules pertaining to the interest rate and statement production methods preclude this combination. If, however, the decision rules do not preclude this combination, then the respective parameters of the interest rate method override and the statement production method would be compared, and the conflict would be detected.

[0084] Likewise, other comparisons of parameter values may also be implemented to detect other types conflicts. For example, an industry rule may provide that cash advance transactions cannot be included in a daily balance computation. If a card issuer defines a method override that sets a parameter value causing cash advances to be included in the daily balance computation, the edit checking process detects this conflict by inspecting the values of the parameters set by the method override.

[0085] Upon detecting a conflict, a warning message is generated, identifying the conflict. The card issuer is then able to adjust the parameter values set by the methods and/or method overrides in order to eliminate the conflict before any accounts are affected. In some instances (such as the interest rate and statement production example given above), the card issuer may also be able to eliminate the conflict by modifying the decision rules to prevent a conflicting combination of methods and/or method overrides from occurring. Whether the conflict prevents a proposed set of decision rules and method overrides from being implemented may depend on the severity of the conflict. In one exemplary embodiment, the edit check process identifies each conflict as either an error or an exception. An “error” causes a warning but does not require the card issuer to eliminate the conflict before proceeding. An “exception” requires modification and may be generated, for instance, when a conflict renders a computation impossible (e.g., dividing by zero) or results in illegal activity (e.g., interest rates in violation of applicable usury laws).

[0086] 4. User Interface

[0087] Access to method override information for individual cardholder accounts may be made available via user interface 120. For example, in one embodiment, an operator (e.g., a customer service representative of the card issuer) enters a cardholder account number and requests method override data for that account. Server 105 accesses account data store 110, retrieves the account record 200, and displays the method override information to the operator.

[0088]FIG. 7A shows an example of a Cardholder Method Override (CMO) screen 700 that may be used to present method override information for a particular cardholder (John Doe). CMO screen 700 shows information including a list 705 of method overrides that are currently applied to the cardholder's account. In this example, each method for which a method override has been applied to the account is identified by a first code, e.g., “CP IC IM.” The method override is identified by a second code, e.g., “BA0022.” The operator may select one of the methods (e.g., “CP IC IM”), for instance by navigating a cursor to the code name of the method on screen 700 and then pressing “S” to select the method. Upon selection of a method, an Audit History screen 750, shown in FIG. 7B, is displayed.

[0089] Audit History screen 750 displays additional details related to the “CP IC IM” method override on the cardholder's account. Audit history screen 750 displays information such as when the current method override was applied to the account (transaction date 760), the last method override that was applied for the method (the “Last Different” value 765), and the decision element(s) 770 that caused the current method override to be applied. Display screens such as screens 700, 750 may be used, for instance, when a cardholder contacts the card issuer's customer service center with a question about why some aspect of the cardholder's account processing has changed. The customer service operator reviews information on screens 700, 750 to determine the answer and relays the information to the cardholder. It will be appreciated that screens 700, 750 are illustrative and that other formats may be used to provide method override information for a particular account. In one alternative embodiment, complete account history data is provided to a user, and the user is able to design customized display screens for reviewing the data.

[0090] While the invention has been described with respect to exemplary embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications are possible. For instance, the present invention may be used to manage account processing methods and method overrides associated with any aspect of account processing in addition to those discussed explicitly. Likewise, a method override may modify one, all, or any number of the parameters of its associated account processing method. Further, while the invention has been described with reference to credit card accounts, it will be appreciated that the invention may be applied to other types of financial products that have associated terms and conditions or other processing parameters that may be varied, such as loans or deposit accounts. In addition, the invention may be practiced by a third party that provides services to one or more account issuers. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for managing a financial account, the method comprising: maintaining account information for the financial account, wherein the account information includes a set of account parameter values and a specification of an account processing strategy; receiving account usage information for the financial account; and making a determination whether to override at least a portion of the account processing strategy by applying a decision method that considers the account parameter values and the account usage information.
 2. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising changing the set of account parameter values in accordance with the determination.
 3. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the account usage information comprises a history of transaction information.
 4. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the account usage information comprises a history of payment information.
 5. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising issuing an instruction to include a statement insert with a statement for the financial account in accordance with the determination.
 6. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising issuing an instruction to offer an upgrade of the financial account in accordance with the determination.
 7. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising issuing an instruction to provide a reward in accordance with the determination.
 8. The method recited in claim 7 wherein the reward is to be provided in response to a specific transaction.
 9. The method recited in claim 8 wherein the specific transaction comprises a charitable contribution.
 10. The method recited in claim 1 wherein: the decision method is defined by a lookup table; and making the determination comprises: accessing an entry in the lookup table, the entry being defined according to the account usage information and the account parameter values; and implementing an operation specified by the entry.
 11. The method recited in claim 1 wherein: the decision method is defined by a plurality of lookup tables; and making the determination comprises: accessing an entry in a first of the plurality of lookup tables, the entry in the first of the plurality of lookup tables being defined according to one of the account usage information and the account parameter values; accessing an entry in a second of the plurality of lookup tables, the entry in the second of the plurality of lookup tables being defined according to the other of the account usage information and the account parameter values, wherein the second of the plurality of lookup tables is identified by the entry in the first of the plurality of lookup tables; and implementing an operation specified by the entry in the second of the plurality of lookup tables.
 12. The method recited in claim 1 wherein making the determination comprises determining to remove a previous override instruction for the portion of the account processing strategy.
 13. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program embodied therein for directing operation of a computer system including an input device, a processor, and a storage device, wherein the computer-readable program includes instructions for operating the computer system to manage a financial account in accordance with the following: maintaining account information for the financial account on the storage device, wherein the account information includes a set of account parameter values and a specification of an account processing strategy; receiving account usage information for the financial account with the input device; and making a determination with the processor whether to override at least a portion of the account processing strategy by applying a decision method that considers the account parameter values and the account usage information.
 14. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 13 wherein the computer-readable program further includes instructions for issuing an instruction to include a statement insert with a statement for the financial account in accordance with the determination.
 15. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 13 wherein the computer-readable program further includes instructions for issuing an instruction to offer an upgrade of the financial account in accordance with the determination.
 16. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 13 wherein the computer-readable program further includes instructions for issuing an instruction to provide a reward in accordance with the determination.
 17. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 16 wherein the reward is to provided in response to a specific transaction.
 18. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 17 wherein the specific transaction comprises a charitable contribution.
 19. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 13 wherein: the decision method is defined by a lookup table stored on the storage device; and making the determination comprises: accessing an entry in the lookup table, the entry being defined according to the account usage information and the account parameter values; and implementing an operation specified by the entry.
 20. The computer-readable storage medium recited in claim 13 wherein: the decision method is defined by a plurality of lookup tables stored on the storage device; and making the determination comprises: accessing an entry in a first of the plurality of lookup tables, the entry in the first of the plurality of lookup tables being defined according to one of the account usage information and the account parameter values; accessing an entry in a second of the plurality of lookup tables, the entry in the second of the plurality of lookup tables being defined according to the other of the account usage information and the account parameter values, wherein the second of the plurality of lookup tables is identified by the entry in the first of the plurality of lookup tables; and implementing an operation specified by the entry in the second of the plurality of lookup tables. 